Introduction
By analyzing the raw materials contained within a device, we pinpoint the global hotspots where human rights violations are most likely to occur. Our goal is to provide a risk analysis that highlights the areas that should be focused for further activities, like further data collection, audits of suppliers, or exploration of design alternatives. In the following, we describe the basic concepts, assumptions, calculations and limitations behind Fairtronics.
Basic Concepts
Electronics Products consist of Components
When you create a social impact report with Fairtronics you can configure an electronics product from our component database, where we collect data about electronics components (like resistors, circuit boards, cables, ...). While we strive for completeness, especially in the beginning, you might have to select a component that fits "good enough" to the one that is actually part of your product.Components are made from Raw Materials
For each component in our database we collect data about its total weight and the share in weight of the raw materials it is made of. Again, while we strive for completeness, in the beginning we focus on metals. You should be aware that weight is only a proxy for what we are actually interested in: working hours or potential for human harm. As long as we are missing better data sources, we assume that material weight corresponds to the human effort and therefore potential of harm that can be associated with this material.Raw Materials are produced in different Countries
For each raw material (iron, copper, silver, ...), we collect data about world production share of different countries. So, in effect, we assume that for example copper in one component in your product is a mix of all copper sources in the world. Initially, we focus on collecting data about metals.Countries show different risks concerning Social Impacts
Global institutions like the International Labor Organization or the Unicef provide reports and estimates for human rights conditions in different countries. While one singular supplier might perform better (or worse), we assume that these estimates provide an indication how likely it is that human rights were violated during the production of materials in this country.Calculation of Activity Values, Risks and Hotspots
Activity Value
Based on our basic concepts and assumptions explained above, we calculate an activity value (share of total product weight) that can be associated to each component, material and country. In particular, this means that- An activity value of 10% for a component means that this component contributes 10% to the total weight of a product.
- An activity value of 10% for a material means that this material contributes 10% to the total product weight (it may be part of various different components in the product).
- An activity value of 10% for a country means, that the raw materials produced in this country contribute 10% to the total product weight (different raw materials may be produced in this country).
Risk Value
For each social indicator, the values are sorted and the highest 25% of values are interpreted as "High Risk", the lowest 25% of values as "Low Risk", and everything in between as "Medium Risk" (depending on the indicator interpretation, this may also be the other way round, with lowest values as "High Risk", and highest values as "Low Risk"). Initially these risk qualifications are only connected to countries, but via our assumed distribution of material production and component composition, they can be associated to materials and components as well. So, a component that is partly made of a material that is to a certain percentage produced in a "High Risk"-country for a specific indicator, is seen as "High Risk"-component.Hotspots
Hotspots are those countries, components and materials that show the highest activity and highest risks. For each component, we highlight the two components that show high risk and have the highest activity as hotspots. If no components show high risk, we highlight the two medium risk components with highest activity etc. The same procedure applies for material and country hotspots.Impact Categories
We follow the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) guidelines and methodological sheets for identifying potential social impact categories. Currently we focus on workers as stakeholder group. In particular, we collect data for the impact categories Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, Child Labor, Fair Salary, Hours of Work, Forced Labor, Equal Opportunities / Discrimination, Health and Safety, Social Benefit / Social Security. Initially, we have defined and collected data for one indicator per impact category. In the following, we cite the definition for each impact category from the S-LCA methodological sheets, as these form the foundation for our understanding and data collection of "Fairness". For more details and explanations, please refer to the methodological sheets.Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining
All workers and employers have the right to establish and to join organizations of their choice, without prior authorization, to promote and defend their respective interests, and to negotiate collectively with other parties. They should be able to do this freely, without interference by other parties or the state, and should not be discriminated as a result of union membership.
Indicator: The indicator is "Share of employees covered by one or more collective agreement (in percent), latest year)" as provided by ILOSTAT in the infographic under https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/collective-bargaining/ (accessed 10 2019). The individual values per country stem from different years, the oldest from 2008. We used the list as is, only removing unneeded columns "MEASURE" and "TIME_PERIOD".
Child Labor
The term “child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that is:
- Mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children;
- Depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;
- Obliging them to leave school prematurely; or
- Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
Indicator: The indicator is "Share of children engaged in economic activity and household chores (in percent), latest year" as provided by ILOSTAT in the infographic in https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/child-labour/ (accessed 10 2019). The individual values per country stem from different years, the oldest from 2010. Some values are given for ages 5 to 17, others for ages 5 to 14. The provided list distinguishes between values for female, male and total. We only used the values for total.
Fair Salary
Fair wage means a wage fairly and reasonably commensurate with the value of a particular service or class of service rendered, and, in establishing a minimum fair wage for such service or class of service.
Indicator: The indicator is "Share of employment by economic class (in percent), ILO modelled estimates for 2018, with lowest economic class based on the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90 a day (using 2011 PPPs)", as provided by ILOSTAT in the infographic under https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/working-poor/ (accessed 10 2019). We only used the values for "Extremely poor".
Hours of Work
The hours of work comply with applicable laws and industry standards. Workers are not on a regular basis required to work in excess of 48 hours per week and have at least one day off for every 7-day period. Overtime is voluntary, does not exceed 12 hours per week, is not demanded on a regular basis and is compensated at a premium rate. The needs and expectations of the workers are taken into account in the organisation of working hours. There are also higher restrictions if the hours of work are made during the night.
Indicator: The indicator is "Share of employed persons working 40 or more hours per week, latest year", as provided by ILOSTAT in the infographic under https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/working-time/ (accessed 10 2019). The individual values per country stem from different years, the oldest from 2015. We only used the values for "49 or more hours per week" and dropped "40 to 48 hours per week".
Forced Labor
Forced or compulsory labour is any work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty, and for which that person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily. Providing wages or other compensation to a worker does not necessarily indicate that the labour is not forced or compulsory. By right, labour should be offered voluntary and workers should be free to leave the employment at any time in accordance with established rules.
Indicator: The indicator is "Estimated prevalence of modern slavery by country (victims per 1,000 population)" as provided by the Global Slavery Index 2018 Dataset, Walk Free Foundation, available from https://www.globalslaveryindex.org. The individual values per country are based on surveys carried out in 48 countries of the 167 countries provided. The outcomes were extrapolated by the Walk Free Foundation “to countries with an equivalent risk profile” for the remaining. Some values are missing.
Equal Opportunities / Discrimination
Everybody deserves a "fair chance". It doesn't matter what sex, race or age you are, if you have a disability, your marital status, whether you are pregnant, your family status or your family responsibilities, the religious or political beliefs you might hold and your sexual orientation. Everybody has the right to be treated fairly and access to equal opportunities.Equal opportunity or the principle of non-discrimination emphasizes that opportunities in education, employment, advancement, benefits and resource distribution, and other areas should be freely available to all citizens irrespective of their age, race, sex, religion, political association, ethnic origin, or any other individual or group characteristic unrelated to ability, performance, and qualification.
Indicator: The indicator is "Proportion of women in managerial positions (%)" as provided by ILOSTAT under https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (5.5.2 Women in management, Last update 30Sep19). The Excel file provides multiple entries for many countries with varying source type and time. We only used the latest available value per country for "Total management" (dropping "senior and middle management column).
Health and Safety
Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.
Indicator: The indicator is "Fatal occupational injuries per 100'000 workers" as provided by ILOSTAT under https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (accessed 10 2019). The Excel file provides multiple entries for Source and Time per country. We selected the latest available value. We only used the values for "Total" and "Fatal" (dropping the distinction between male/female and non-fatal injuries).
Social Benefit / Social Security
Social benefits refer to non-monetary employment compensation. Four basic categories of Social Security benefits are often included and are paid based upon the record of worker’s earnings: Retirement, disability, dependents, and survivors benefits.
Indicator: The indicator is "Share of population covered by at least one social protection benefit (in percent), latest year" as provided by ILOSTAT in the infographic under https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/social-protection/ (accessed 10 2019). The individual values per country stem from different years, the oldest from 2016.
Data for Component Materials
We retrieved data on the material composition of the components from full material declarations by manufacturers, published of their websites.Component | Source | Date |
---|---|---|
Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor SMD 6.3x5.5 | FMD for NACE 6.3x5.5 Series by NIC Components | 2004-10-01 |
Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor SMD 10x8 | FMD for NACE 10x8 Series by NIC Components | 2004-10-01 |
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor SMD 0603 Class I BME | FMD for NMC NP0 0603 Series by NIC Components | 2004-10-01 |
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor SMD 0603 Class II BME | FMD for NMC X5R 0603 Series by NIC Components | 2004-10-01 |
Zener Diode SOD-123 | FMD for MMSZ10: 500 mW 10 V ±5% Zener Diode Voltage Regulator by ON Semiconductors | 2020-01-30 |
Zener Diode SOD-523 | FMD for MM5Z2V4: 500 mW Standard Tolerance Zener Diode Voltage Regulator by ON Semiconductors | 2020-01-30 |
Small Signal Schottky Diode SOD-323 | FMD for BAT46WJ Schottky barrier diode by nexperia (Ex-NXP, Ex-Philips) | 2018-04-25 |
Schottky Barrier Rectifier Diode DO-214AC | FMD for SK54A-L Schottky Barrier Rectifier by MCC | 2016-12-20 |
PTC Resettable Fuse SMD 2920 | FMD for MF-LSMF185/33X by Bourns | 2010-12-15 |
Ferrite Chip Bead SMD 0603 | FMD for MH1608 by Bourns | 2018-04-17 |
Standard Rectifier Diode DO-41 | FMD for 1N4001G by ON Semiconductor | 2020-02-07 |
Standard Rectifier Diode DO-214AC | FMD for NRD Series by NIC Components | 2008-08-15 |
Metallized polyester (PET/MKT) film capacitor, 5mm lead spacing, radial boxed, 2.5×6.5×7.3 | FMD for MKT FILM (Boxed) B32529C1104Mxxx | 2019-11-18 |
Bipolar Electrolytic Capacitor Radial 5,5 x 12,0 mm | Umbrella Spec for EKSU from Frolyt | 2019-08-12 |
Thick Film Chip Resistor 0603 | FMD for CR0603 Series by Bourns | 2003-01-04 |
Single-ended USB-A cable AWG24 2.0m | FMD for USB Cacle Assembly by TE Connectivity | 2020-01-24 |
Single-ended USB-A cable AWG24 1.3m | calculated from 2m variant | 2020-01-24 |
Mechanical Incremental Rotary Encoder 12mm Shaftless | FMD for PES12 Encoder by Bourns | 2008-06-23 |
Ultra Miniature Micro Switch with Lever 13x7x4mm Through Hole | FMD for UP01DTANLA04 micro switch by TE Connectivity | 2017-10-11 |
Ultra Miniature Micro Switch without Lever 13x7x4mm Through Hole | calculated from variant with lever | 2017-10-11 |
Solder Wire HS10 Fair | Supply chain for HS10 Fair by Stannol / FairLötet e.V. | 2018-10-01 |
Solder Paste Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5 (SAC) | Safety Data Sheet for M8 REL22 by AIM Solder | 2017-11-16 |
General Simple Logic IC in P-DIP with 8 pins | FMD for CD40107BEE4 by Texas Instruments | 2020-02-20 |
1-layer PCB with FR-4 laminat and NiAu (chem. gold) finish | Fairtronics' calculation | 2020-02-20 |
IC BGA 256 17x17x1.41mm | FMD for TMS320C28346ZFETR by Texas instruments | 2020-02-26 |
IC PLCC 44 16.6x16.6x4.57mm | FMD for SN74ACT8990FN by Texas Instruments | 2020-02-26 |
IC SO 20 12.8x7.5x2.65mm | FMD for CDC208NSR by Texas Instruments | 2020-02-26 |
IC TQFP 32 5x5x1.0mm | FMD for TLV320AIC1103 by Texas Instruments | 2020-02-26 |
IC TSSOP 48 6.1x12.5x1.2mm | FMD for MSP430FR4133IG48R by Texas Instruments | 2020-02-26 |
Resistor THT Metal film 4.5x11mm + 28mm axial | FMD for NMO100 Series by NIC Components | 2008-08-13 |
Transistor 15V NPN SOT-23 with 3 leads | FMD for FMMT617 by Diodes Inc. | 2007-08-01 |
Lead double-ended pre-crimped with tin-plated nano-fit female connectors 20AWG 150mm | FMD for 797582139 by Molex | 2020-04-17 |
Power Connector dual row male with 20 2.5mm circuits | FMD for 105308-1210 by Molex | 2020-04-24 |
Flexible flat jumper cable (FFC) with 33 0.5mm circuits opposite side and tin plating 5.1cm | FMD for 98266-1032 by Molex | 2017-05-03 |
IC SOT-23 with 5 pins and tin finish 2.9x1.6x1.45 | FMD for TLV75533PDBVR by Texas Instruments | 2020-04-26 |
IC (MCU) TQFP 32 7x7x1.0mm with tin finish | FMD for ATmega32U2-AU by Microchip | 2015-08-17 | <
IC (MCU) TQFP 44 10x10x1.0mm with tin finish | FMD for ATmega32U2-AU by Microchip | 2015-08-17 |
Standard Diode 100V SOD-323 | FMD for MMDL914T1G by ON Semiconductor | 2020-05-05 |
SMD Crystal with 3.2x 2.5x 0.8mm ceramic package | FMD for ECX-32 by ECS Inc. | ? |
IC (Logic) thermally enhanced QFP 64 10x10x1.2mm | FMD for TUSB8041IPAPR-Q1 by Texas Instruments | 2020-05-15 |
IC (Logic) TOSOP 20 4.4x6.5x1.15mm | FMD for TXS0108EPWR by Texas instruments | 2020-05-27 |
IC (Power Management) TO-236 (D2PAK) 7 pin 10.1x8.9x4.5mm | FMD for LM2677 by Texas Instruments | 2020-06-05 |
IC (Amplifier) TSSOP 16 5x4.4x1mm | FMD for INA260AIPWR by Texas Instruments | 2020-06-19 |
IC (Power Management) MSOP 8 3x3x0.8mm | FMD for LTC4359IMS8#PBF by Analog Devices | 2020-07-11 |
IC (Power Management) SSOP 44 13x5.3x1.7mm | FMD for LTC6803IG-4#PBF by Analog Devices | 2020-07-11 |
IC (Clock and Timing) TSSOP 20 4.4x6.5x1mm | FMD for 5V41066 by Renesas/IDT | 2008-09-23 or 2011-03-15 |
IC (Curcuit Protection) TSSOP 38 9.7x4.4x0.9mm | FMD for CM2020-00TR by ON Semiconductor | 2020-08-14 |
IC (Linear) TQFN 16 5.10mm x 5.10mm x 0.80mm | FMD for MAX9715ETE+ by Maxim Integrated | 2020-08-20 |
IC (Interface) SSOP 28 10.5mm x 5.6mm x 1.85mm | FMD for MCP3919A1-E/SS by Microchip | ? |
IC (Power Management) QFN 28 4.0x4.0x0.75mm | FMD for LTC4162-F by Analog Devices | 2020-07-11 |
IC (Power Management) SOT-223 6.5x3.5x1.6mm | FMD for TLV1117-15CDCYR by Texas Instruments | 2020-08-28 |
IC (MCU) LQFP 48 7.0x7.0x1.4mm | FMD for LPC11U24FBD48 by NXP | 2020-04-11 |
IC (Power Management) DFN 10 3.0x3.0x0.9mm | FMD for TPS2561DRCR by Texas Instruments | 2020-09-18 |
Power Connector DC Power Jack 2.5mm 13.3x13.3x9.0mm | FMD for 6643220-1 by TE Connectivity | 2016-07-02 |
Card Connector M.2 M-key 67 pins 4.2x21.9x8.7mm | FMD for 1-2199230-6 by TE Connectivity | 2019-11-18 |
Data for Materials from Countries
The material's world production share of different countries has been obtained from https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/commodity-statistics-and-information by the U.S. Geological Survey. For quite a few materials, it provides "Mineral Commodity Summaries" annually, which contain data on "World Mine Production". For aluminium we took bauxite, and for iron we took iron ore as a proxy.Future Developments
We consider the current state of Fairtronics to be in Prototype status. Possible future steps and extensions are:- Evaluation of current calculation according to S-LCA guidelines
- Extension of data base to cover more components and materials
- Extension of data base to cover further stakeholder groups (local community, consumer, ...)
- Extension of data base and calculation to further life cycle stages (assembly of components, assembly of final product, disposal, ...)